I. Historical Origins and Early Use
The history of buffalo horn combs dates back to the Southern Song Dynasty (1127–1279). In 1976, six black buffalo horn combs were unearthed from a Southern Song tomb in Xindian, a northern suburb of Fuzhou, providing the earliest physical evidence of their use over 700 years ago17. Additionally, Southern Song tombs have revealed gold-edged buffalo horn combs, with gold sheets inlaid on the comb backs and engraved inscriptions, suggesting their role as tokens of love or status symbols among nobility.
II. Industrial Development and Craft Prosperity
From the Qing Dynasty (1644–1912) to the early Republic of China era (1912–1949), Fuzhou became the national hub for comb production. By the Qing era, the industry had scaled up, and by the early 20th century, Fuzhou’s horn comb trade reached its zenith, with over 150 workshops producing 2.78 million combs annually, making it one of China’s top three comb-producing regions15. Fuzhou combs were crafted from water buffalo horns (southern China), cattle horns, and sheep horns (northern China), involving more than ten intricate steps—including sawing, chiseling, and tooth-cutting—to balance functionality and artistry.
III. Cultural Symbolism and Folk Traditions
- Tokens of Love and Romantic Imagery
Ancient Chinese culture linked “青丝” (qingsi, “black hair”) with “情思” (qingsi, “romantic longing”), making buffalo horn combs popular as love tokens symbolizing lifelong commitment. For example, a gold-inlaid comb from a Southern Song tomb in Fuzhou’s Chayuan Mountain is believed to commemorate the love between a general and his wife23. - Mythology and Folk Beliefs
Legends in Hebei’s Xingtang region speak of Tang Yao’s daughter receiving a buffalo horn comb as a gift, while Eastern Zhou Dynasty (770–256 BCE) artifacts confirm their role as essential items in women’s dowries3. - Modern Heritage Preservation
In 2022, Fuzhou’s horn comb craftsmanship was listed as a Fujian Provincial Intangible Cultural Heritage. Artisans today blend traditional techniques with cultural motifs, enhancing both practical and collectible value56.
IV. Craftsmanship and Regional Characteristics
Fuzhou buffalo horn combs are renowned for their “mirror-like polish.” Made exclusively from dense, high-quality horns, they are hand-polished to showcase natural grain patterns. Varieties include daily-use combs, massage combs, and fine-toothed “bi” combs, catering to diverse needs15.
The history of buffalo horn combs intertwines technical ingenuity, folk symbolism, and artistic expression, reflecting both ancient lifestyles and the living legacy of Chinese traditional craftsmanship.